X-RAY

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ACCORDING TO JUT SYLLABUS OF 2^ND SEM DIPLOMA STUDENT.

                                                         APPLICABLE FOR ALL BRANCH

                                                     THROUGH

                        “PIYUSH KUMAR” FOUNDER AND CEO OF STUDY WALLE

INTRODUCTION TO X-RAY

A German scientist, Wilhelm roentgen was performing experiments on discharge of electricity through gases in a discharge tube, he found that when fast moving electrons are stopped by solid target, some radiations were produced these radiations were produced these radiations were named by him as X-Ray.

If High energy electrons are made to strike a metal target, electromagnetic radiation called X-Ray.

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers.

X-Ray are invented by wilhelm roentgen in 8^th November 1895.

 

PRODUCTION OF X-RAY

 

A device used to produce X-Ray is generally called as X-Ray tube. This was originally designed by Coolidge that why we known as a Coolidge tube. A filament “F” and the metallic target “T” are fixed in a evacuated glass chamber C. this filament is heated electrically and emits electrons but thermionic emission. A constant potential difference of several kilovolts is main tamed between the filament and the target using a DC power supply So, potential than the filament. The electrons emitted by the filament are, therefore accelerated by the electric field set up between the filament and the target and hit the target with a very high speed. These electrons are reflected or stopped by the target and in the process X-Ray are emitted. Target is curved at the degree of 45^˚ angle because it help in reflecting. These X-Rays are brought out of the tube through a window “W” made up off thin, mica or some other material (Which does not absorb X-Rays appreciably).

In this process, large amount of heat is developed and thus an arrangement is provided to cool down the tube continuously by running water.

The exact design of the X-Rays tube depends on the, which purpose we use that.

 

CHARACTERSISTS AND CONTINUOUS X-RAYS

CHARACTERSISTS X-RAYS :- The intensity of X-Rays is very large as marked k_α ,k_β and this type X-Rays are known as characteristic X-rays. characteristic X-rays are formed during the electron transition processes that occur when an inner shell electron is released from an atom.

 

CONTINUOUS X-RAYS :- The intensity varies gradual and this type X-Rays are known as Continuous X-rays. Continuous X-rays are created when free moving electrons electromagnetically interact with nuclei

 

 

SOFT AND HARD X-RAYS

Hard X-Rays :- Hard X-Rays are a type of those X-Rays whose have low wavelength. In another words X-RAYS with high photon energies above 5–10 keV (below 0.2–0.1 nm wavelength) are called hard X-rays,

SOFT X-RAYS :- Soft X-Rays are a type of those X-Rays whose have large wavelength.

PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS

1)    They are electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength (0.1angastrom – 1 angstrom)

2)    They travel with speed of light in vacuum (C=3×10⁸m/s)

3)    X-Rays effects photographic plate.

4)    They produce fluorescent in many substances. Example:-zinc sulphide.

5)    They are not deflected by magnetic or electric field.

6)    They can be reflected or refracted under certain condition.

7)    They have high penetrating power and hence can pass through many solids, and it invisible to eyes.

8)    They produce small amount of ionization in the gasses through which they pass.

9)     They produce photoelectric effect.

APPLICATION OF X-RAYS

ENGINEERNING APPLICATIONS

1)    X-Rays are used to detect the crack in the body of an airplane, motor car etc.

2)    X-rays are used to detect manufacturing defects in rubber tires or tennis balls for quality control.

3)    X-Rays are used to detect flaws or cracks in metal jobs.

4)    They are used to distinguish real diamond from duplicate one.

5)    X-Rays are used to detect of smuggling gold, diamond at airport, ship yard, railway station.

6)    They are used to detect crack in wall, joints (civil engineering).

 

MEDICAL APPLICATION

1)    X-Rays are used in surgery to detect bone fracture, The reason is penetration power of X-Rays through muscle and bone is different.

2)    X-rays are used to cure skin disease and destroy tumours.

3)    X-Rays are used to cure disease like cancer.

4)    X-Rays are used to detect bullets position inside the body.

 

SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION

1)    X-Rays are used in chemical analysis and for determination of atomic number of chemical elements.

2)    They are used to study structure of substances. Like cellulose, rubber, plastic etc….